Biography of John Gibbon, Heart-Lung Machine Inventor

John Heysham Gibbon Jr. (Sept. 29,  1903–Feb. 5, 1973) was an American surgeon who was widely known for creating the first heart-lung machine. He proved the efficacy of the concept in 1935 when he used an external pump as an  artificial heart  during an operation on a cat. Eighteen years later, he performed the first successful open-heart operation on a human using his  heart-lung machine. Fast Facts: John Heysham Gibbon Known For: Inventor of the heart-lung machineBorn: Sept. 29,  1903 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaParents: John Heysham Gibbon Sr., Marjorie YoungDied: Feb. 5, 1973 in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaEducation: Princeton University, Jefferson Medical CollegeAwards and Honors: Distinguished Service Award from International College of Surgery, fellowship from Royal College of Surgeons, Gairdner Foundation International Award from University of TorontoSpouse: Mary HopkinsonChildren: Mary, John, Alice, and Marjorie Early Life of John Gibbon Gibbon was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sept. 29, 1903, the second of four children of surgeon John Heysham Gibbon Sr. and Marjorie Young. He earned his B.A. from  Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1923 and his M.D. from Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia in 1927. He completed his internship at Pennsylvania Hospital in 1929. The following year, he went to Harvard Medical School as a research fellow in surgery. Gibbon was a sixth-generation physician. One of his great-uncles, Brig. Gen. John Gibbon, is memorialized by a monument to his bravery on the Union side in the Battle of Gettysburg, while another uncle was a brigade surgeon for the Confederacy in the same battle. In 1931 Gibbon married Mary Hopkinson, a surgical researcher who was an assistant in his work. They had four children: Mary, John, Alice, and Marjorie. Early Experiments It was the loss of a young patient in 1931, who died despite emergency surgery for a blood clot in her lungs, that first stirred Gibbons interest in developing an artificial device for bypassing the heart and lungs and allowing for more effective heart surgery techniques. Gibbon believed that if doctors could keep blood oxygenated during lung procedures, many other patients could be saved. While he was dissuaded by all with whom he broached the subject, Gibbon, who had a talent for engineering as well as medicine, independently continued his experiments and tests. In 1935, he used a prototype heart-lung bypass machine that took over cardiac and respiratory functions of a cat, keeping it alive for 26 minutes. Gibbons World War II Army service in the China-Burma-India Theater temporarily interrupted his research, but after the war he began a new series of experiments with dogs. For his research to proceed to humans, though, he would need help on three fronts, from doctors and engineers. Help Arrives In 1945, American cardiothoracic surgeon Clarence Dennis built a modified Gibbon pump that permitted a complete bypass of the heart and lungs during surgery. The machine, however, was hard to clean, caused infections, and never reached human testing. Then came Swedish physician Viking Olov Bjork, who invented an improved oxygenator with multiple rotating screen discs over which a film of blood was injected. Oxygen was passed over the discs, providing sufficient oxygenation for an adult human. After Gibbon returned from military service and restarted his research, he met Thomas J. Watson, CEO of International Business Machines (IBM), which was establishing itself as a premier computer research, development, and manufacturing firm. Watson, who was trained as an engineer, expressed interest in Gibbons heart-lung-machine project, and Gibbon explained his ideas in detail. Shortly thereafter, a team of IBM engineers arrived at Jefferson Medical College to work with Gibbon. By 1949, they had a working machine—the Model I—that Gibbon could try on humans. The first patient, a 15-month-old girl with severe heart failure, didnt survive the procedure. An autopsy later revealed that she had an unknown congenital heart defect. By the time Gibbon identified a second likely patient, the IBM team had developed the Model II. It used a refined method of cascading blood down a thin sheet of film to oxygenate it rather than the whirling technique, which could potentially damage blood corpuscles. Using the new method, 12 dogs were kept alive for more than an hour during heart operations, paving the way for the next step. Success in Humans It was time for another try, this time on humans.  On May 6, 1953, Cecelia Bavolek became the first person to successfully undergo open-heart bypass surgery with the Model II totally supporting her heart and lung functions during the procedure. The operation closed a serious defect between the upper chambers of the 18-year-olds heart. Bavolek was connected to the device for 45 minutes. For 26 of those minutes, her body totally depended upon the machine’s artificial cardiac and respiratory functions. It was the first successful intracardiac surgery of its kind performed on a human patient. By 1956 IBM, well on its way to dominating the fledgling computer industry, was eliminating many of its non-core programs. The engineering team was withdrawn from Philadelphia—but not before producing the Model III—and the huge field of biomedical devices was left to other companies, such as Medtronic and  Hewlett-Packard. That same year, Gibbon became the Samuel D. Gross professor of surgery and head of the surgery department at Jefferson Medical College and Hospital, positions he would hold until 1967. Death Gibbon, perhaps ironically, suffered from heart trouble in his later years. He had his first heart attack  in July 1972 and died of another massive heart attack while playing tennis on Feb. 5, 1973. Legacy Gibbons heart-lung machine undoubtedly saved countless lives. He is also remembered for writing a standard textbook on chest surgery and for teaching and mentoring countless physicians. Upon his death, the Jefferson Medical College renamed its newest building after him. Over his career, he was a visiting or consulting surgeon at several hospitals and medical schools. His awards included the Distinguished Service Award from the International College of Surgery (1959), an honorary fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons in England (1959), the Gairdner Foundation International Award from the University of Toronto (1960), honorary Sc.D. degrees from  Princeton University  (1961) and the University of Pennsylvania (1965), and the Research Achievement Award from the American Heart Association (1965). Sources Dr. John H. Gibbon Jr. and Jeffersons Heart-Lung Machine: Commemoration of the Worlds First Successful Bypass Surgery. Thomas Jefferson University.John Heysham Gibbon Biography. Engineering and Technology History Wiki.John Heysham Gibbon, 1903-1973: American Surgeon. Encyclopedia.com

The Key Principles Of Neoliberalism Essay - 1052 Words

(B. KamiÅ„ski 225). However, the package was met with a flurry of criticism from prominent economists and journalists. Echoing the key principles of neoliberalism, the economist Tomasz JezioraÅ„ski argued that the principal weakness of the package consisted in granting the full responsibility for economic performance to the central administration. The free enterprise characterized by responsibility and autonomy, he insisted, was incompatible with economic coercion by the state (B. KamiÅ„ski 226). As a consequence of protests of similar nature, the government eventually withdrew the package in question from further consideration. Following the revolutions of 1989, neoliberals were able to forge new alliances with Solidarity members through a participation in a new and democratically-elected government. In particular, Balerowicz played a central role in shaping the nation’s economic reform by assuming the Deputy Prime Minister post and putting forward the Balcerowicz Plan, which effectively outlined the agenda for transitioning from central planning to a market economy. As Bohle and Neunhà ¶ffer argue, neoliberals eventually succeeded in winning the support of not only the general public but also of the political elite associated with Solidarity (99). They were able to capture the public imagination by insisting on a new and concrete set of policies, which opposed European â€Å"normalcy† and freedom to the Soviet stagnation and authoritarianism. Thus, although Sachs and otherShow MoreRelatedAdam Smith And Karl Marx1674 Words   |  7 Pagesare profoundly important in locating and investigat ing the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable and only alternative to redistribution and economic justice. This essay traces the emerging ideas of classical liberalism as articulated by Smith and their subsequent deployment in the debates that produced neoliberalism. In this context, Marx and Marxism are utilized to expose and deconstructRead MoreThe Political Theory Of The Chilean Economy1112 Words   |  5 Pagesreport established the roots of the neoliberal project that comes later (Narbona, 2014). The radical shift the neo-conservative (neoliberal) project imposed to the Chilean domestic political economy has been global, though. In a broad sense, neoliberalism is â€Å"a theory of political economy practices proposing that human well-being can best be advanced by the maximization of entrepreneurial freedoms within and institutional framework characterized by private property rights, individual liberty, unencumberedRead MoreThe Issue Of Freedom And Power1696 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom and Power Introduction The issue of freedom and the power that accompanies it, have occupied the history of human kind in the course of their existence. Mostly, this has emanated from the unequal distribution of these two key significant factors that revolve around the lives of humankind. Freedom and power have been subject of struggle. Various sections of human population endeavor to uphold their element of self-determination that is defined by these two important components. Scholars believeRead MoreConflicts Are International Problems And Require Global Rather Than National Effort1694 Words   |  7 Pageseffort to eliminate and therefore the international society to recognize it to eliminate the institutions that make war likely. Therefore, the humanitarian organizations have increasingly stressed the need for the international community to embrace principles of human rights, diversity, good governance and participation when responding to situations of insecurity and violent conflict (Botha, 1989). Et hnic conflicts are therefore often caused by an attempt to secure more power or access more resourcesRead MoreThe Role Of Education In The New Zealand Government966 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity student like myself. Having never voted in an election, my knowledge of the political system, and the terminology for that matter is far from adequate. Stepping into the shoes of a politician, this paper has allowed me to examine the two key ideologies that have shaped the radical reforms in New Zealand politics and more specifically, how these have influenced the role of education. An account of social democracy, showing your understanding of its strengths and/ or limitations in Aotearoa/NewRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ford s Policies1682 Words   |  7 Pagesbecame known as neoliberalism. (Steger Roy, 2010, p. 9). Neoliberalism, which once again championed a self-regulating free market and free trade without government interference, but this time on an international scale. Steger and Roy (2010) explore the three manifestations of neoliberalism: its ideology, mode of governance, and policy objectives. As shared ideas, beliefs, and values, accepted as true, and anchoring individual and societal action, ideologies under neoliberalism embrace free marketsRead MoreThe Economics And Social Hierarchy Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesNeoliberalism is defined as the way in which our government approaches the economics and social hierarchy in our society. (Neoliberalism, 2015) states that it is an approach to economics and social studies in which control of economic factors is shifted from the public to the private sector. Neoliberalism are giving more attention towards schools that do not necessarily need this as much as the other schools, in order to make the government look better and are more in support of neoliberalism. SchoolsRead MoreModernization And Neoliberalism : Economic Status And Growth1841 Words   |  8 Pagesin the primary models of development, modernization and neoliberalism, both of which in turn offer their own implications and consequences. It is these consequences that inspire Sachs, and many others, to seek out a more comprehensive definition and approach to development. As was previously stated, the two most prevalent theoretical models of development are modernization and neoliberalism. These ideologies are both centered on the principle of development-as-growth with growth, in this sense, equatingRead MoreNeoliberalism And Capitalism And Privatization Essay1930 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION In recent history, neoliberalism has become engrained in the very fabric of our society. It encompasses every intricacy of modern day life and its importance can be measured in many ways. Not least the volume of debate surrounding the topic. Economists across the globe have presented conflicting interpretations of the success of neoliberal policy and the degree to which it is responsible for the international financial crisis’s of the past. Prominent neoliberals such as Friedrich HayekRead MoreWhy Water Should Be Treated As Human Right Or Not776 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1970 s and the 1980 s, the scholars identified two ideas of efficiency and externalities to support the argument that the value of water needs to be increased. Regarding efficiency, Environment Canada (1983) noted from the angle of economic principles that when a good is undervalued it tends to be overused. The best example of the implications of this for natural resource management was described by Hardin (19 68) regarding the tragedy of the commons. Hardin noted that in Britain, a common

The Minds Of Serial Killers Essay - 925 Words

TOPIC: The minds of serial killers and why they do what they do. RHETORICAL PURPOSE: Informative SPECIFIC PURPOSE: I want to inform my classmates more about the misconceptions, behaviors and types of serial murderers in the United States THESIS: There are many false information about serial murderers that get passed around but there are common traits and characteristics to help spot who they are and why they do what they do. Introduction I. Attention-getting device: Dennis Rader was a seemingly normal man who grew up in a small quiet town in Kansas. He was an active member in his church as well as the boy scouts. He joined the US Air Force and became a Sergeant. He then got married and had two children. II. Thesis: Would you believe me if I also told you that he murdered 10 innocent people? As it turns out not all serial killers are as obvious as you would think. III. What’s in it for the audience: You could have met someone in your life already that was one and have no idea. IV. Credibility: â€Å"Experts of Real Crime Magazine state that the scariest trait of all is that many serial killers look like a pillar of the community on first sight to gain trust only to abuse it.† Woollaston (2015). V. Preview: Today I am going to talk to you about some of the misconceptions associated with serial murderers, the psychological facts behind why they do what they do, and finally the different types and examples of them. Body I. Main point 1: Common misconceptions A. All serialShow MoreRelatedThe Mind Of A Serial Killer937 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Mind of a Serial Killer Hearing about a serial killer on the new or by a person bring a lot of attention to us. We want to know all about the killer. What he did? Why did he do? The serial killer becomes into a celebrity like figure. Even though he fears of coming into contact with that person we are still open to hear about them. We physically do not want to come in contact with this person because we fear of being their next victim or become hurt by them. But since we are nowhere near thisRead MoreThe Minds Of Serial Killers1147 Words   |  5 PagesDismembering the remains of the corpse he arranged skin, bone, and blood into a thirty-gallon cask of acid dissolving what remained of the young boy. This is the dark mind of Jeffrey Dahmer, he murdered not in hatred, vengeance, or financial enrichment but on pure impulse and lust. Forensic psychoanalysts have picked apart the minds of serial killers to find answers as to what causes them to carry out such perverse acts. Many believe it is impervious for an innocent adolescent to be born with the capabilityRead MoreThe Role Of Female Serial Killers On The Mind Of A Serial Killer1594 Words   |  7 PagesDelving into the mind of a serial killer can be a dark and twisted place to go, but also very interesting and intriguing at the same time. While the majority of serial killers in history have been men, women have also had their place in this type of crime. Often our first question when we hear the news of a new serial killer, our first question is â€Å"who is he?† But as we will examine through the research for this paper, women can also be geared to not only kill but to do it over and over again. AlthoughRead MoreThe Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer2301 Words   |  10 PagesThe Twisted Mind of a Serial Killer As police walk into an abandoned house, a foul stench overtakes them. The room is dim and looks as though no one has been here for months. They walk further into the house and begin to see spots of blood on the floor. They follow this trail down the stairs into the basement where the smell becomes overwhelming, causing some of the officers to gasp and run back up the stairs. In the basement, they find the remains of several young boys who have been molestedRead MoreInside The Mind Of A Serial Killer852 Words   |  4 PagesThe title of my proposed topic is: Inside The Mind of a Serial Killer. Mental Health services are a great portion of the Health and Human Service arena offering services to groups, individuals, intervention, prevention, inpatient, outpatient, and clinical administering of prescription drugs as well as court required evaluations. Mental health services are vital for understanding violent criminals and the treatment of all mental disorders. There are many Live-in Treatment Facilities to assist individualsRead MoreThe Mind of a Serial Killer Essay2054 Words   |  9 PagesSerial murder is one of the most baffling crimes that occur in the U.S. and all over the world. Knight (2006) defines serial murder as the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days, with a significant cooling-off period. The cooling off period may be weeks, months or even years long. Researchers have proposed various psychological, biological and sociological theories that offer a partial understanding of the nature of serial murder. Some propose that the basis for criminalRead MoreEssay on The Mind of a Serial Killer2293 Words   |  10 Pagessuch wicked acts?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serial killers always have aroused the curiosity and concern of the public. People seem to be both fascinated and repulsed by their horrendous crimes. The stories make newspaper headlines, and their gruesome murders are the subject of popular movies and best-selling books. In this paper, I will discuss what causes a human being to become a serial killer. Although social scientists have developed many theories to explain the mind of a serial killer, the scientific evidenceRead MoreInside the Mind of a Serial Killer Essays1049 Words   |  5 PagesInside Thy Mind: A Psychological Study of the Minds of Men and Women Serial Killers Barbie Sharp Psy 250 A02 Dr. Toby Arquette Argosy University Abstract What are underling factors that contribute to the psychological profile of men and women serial killers? This paper examines scientific and meta-analysis studies of men and women serial killers in an attempt to identify some of these factors. By investigating psychologicalRead MoreThe Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesThe mind and motivation of a serial killer Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry LucasRead More The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages The mind and motivation of a serial killer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior

Extremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer

3 Parallel Events: Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close The book Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close contains many aspects of the real-life hardships of 9/11 and the Holocaust, as well as the mystery of the Sixth Borough of New York. These events help create a better understanding of life under the influence of conflict and the choices characters are forced to make as a result of the conflict. Jonathan Safran Foer s novel focuses on a boy named Oskar who loses his father in the destruction of the Twin Towers, his mute grandfather s grief, and the stories of the Sixth Borough his father told him. The history told in this novel comes from multiple generations, which helps create a greater range of understanding grief. The novel interprets†¦show more content†¦Foer explains the mystery of the borough through Mr. Schell s storytelling: But even though most people will say they have no time for or reason to believe in the Sixth Borough, and don’t believe in the Sixth Borough, they will still use the word ‘believe’à ¢â‚¬  (217). After the death of his father, Oskar never forgot the Sixth Borough as he searched for clues of the existence of the Sixth Borough all around New York City. The Holocaust was a traumatic event in the 1900s, and it had major consequences on Oskar’s Grandfather. Both of Oskar’s grandparents lived through the upheaval of World War 2, but his grandfather s beloved, Anna, did not. Traumatized by the event, his grandfather turned mute as he could no longer speak of things that reminded him of Anna, who died in the Bombing of Dresden. Foer translates Thomas Schell Sr. s thoughts, â€Å"I haven’t always been silent, I used to talk and talk and talk and talk, I couldn’t keep my mouth shut, the silence overtook me like a cancer† (16). The Bombing of Dresden was only a small part of the holocaust, but impacted the Schell s lives forever. Loss Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close centers on a young boy and his ways of dealing with the loss of his relationship with his mother and the determination he once had to decode his father s messages. At a very young age, Oskar Schell lost his father, and this led to theShow MoreRelatedExtremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer1118 Words   |  5 Pagesstruggles, but they are continuous in nature. They do not clearly start or begin but merely cycle through. The human experience is a shared experience that is ongoing despite the man-made structure and boundary of time. In Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer, the lives of Oskar Schell and his grandfather, Thomas Schell, are contrasted against each other. Their situations physically differ from each other, as in time and location, however, how they react to their traumatic eventsRead MoreExtremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer2081 Words   |  9 Pagesdoor only to be greeted by the messages on the answering machine from no other than his father, Thomas Schell. When the phone rings and the caller id is his father, Oskar’s world turns upside down with the simple dial tone. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer tells the compelling story of a boy named Oskar and his mission to find the Black that has the lock that fits the key. Desperately trying to piece together the fragments his deceased father left behind after 9/11 tragicallyRead More Postmodernism in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer911 Words   |   4 Pagesof postmodern works include a mixing of different genres, random time changes, and the use of technology that all aid in presenting a common postmodern theme that truth doesn’t lie in one story, place or person. The novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer encompasses these postmodern characteristics combining together show how the truth cannot always be attained. Intertwined within the novel is the presence of many different genres including letters, articles and magazineRead MoreTragedy in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer1393 Words   |  6 Pagesto see deal with grief in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. The first of which is the main narrator, nine year-old Oskar Schell. Oskar is in the denial stage of grief because he is keeping his father alive by going on one last grand adventure to find the story behind the key, thus keeping him alive. But of course, there is no reason for Oskar to have the key. Oskar tells Mr. Black, â€Å"There are so many ways to die, and I just need to know which one was his† (Foer, 257). Notice how hisRead MoreExtremely Loud and Incredibly Close, by Jonathan Safran Foer Essay961 Words   |  4 PagesWeird. If the relationship between the characters of Grandpa and Grandma could be described in one word, it would be weird. Then again, Jonathan Safran Foer’s novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close is a shining example of everything unconventional, exploring the nuances of grief through multiple and varying perspectives, each with a unique approach that attempts to achieve recovery and solace. The relationship of Grandpa and Grandma is an example of one such attempt at recovery, one that triesRead MoreDeath Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare And Extremely Loud And Incredibly Close By Jonathan Safran Foer2049 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the two novel of â€Å" Hamlet† by William Shakespeare and â€Å" Extremely loud and incredibly close† by Jonathan Safran Foer, the two protagonists are demonstrated to have similar circumstances and as the way they get through their journey. In addition, both of the books use the theme of death, loss and forgiveness to develop their characters. Many famous experts claim that death is one of the primary themes of Hamlet. During the act, Ophelia is drowned and buried along side with PoloniusRead MoreExtremely Loud and Incredibly Close792 Words   |  4 Pages1) Works Cited Foer, Jonathan Safran. Extremely Loud Incredibly Close. Boston, MA: Mariner, 2005. Print. 2) Annotation This book is told through the eyes of an extremely smart and funny nine-year-old who is also the narrator, Jonathan Safran Foer. He tells a story of the effects of his fathers tragic death, in the 9/11 terrorist attack, on his father, Oskar Schell, and his family as a whole. Oskars father not only endured the pain of being trapped in the towers, but was killed due toRead MoreThe Burning Towers By Sonya Freeman Loftis1585 Words   |  7 PagesLoftis further argues that Foer â€Å"[appropriates] an autistic narrative voice [allowing] the novel to explore the complex feelings of the neurotypical audience in stark black and white† (113). Loftis clearly takes issue with Foer’s technique, going on to argue that he â€Å"[renders] the natural human response to tragedy more simplistically comprehensible by relying on a false understanding of ASD that depends on divisive binaries†. This argument certainly has merit, as Foer uses many autistic traits toRead MoreSymbolis m, Imagery and Theme in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close2041 Words   |  5 Pages! Symbolism, Imagery and Theme in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close The novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close tells the story of Oskar, a 9 year old boy, who had a very close relationship with his father before he died in the 9/11 attack. His love for his father grew after he found a key in his fathers’ vase, which sent him on an adventure to find the lock that fits the key. Jonathan Safran Foer, the author of this book, clearly demonstrates the characteristics of literary elements. The novelRead MoreExtremely Loud and Incredibly Close1511 Words   |  7 Pagessudden or unexpected. Everyone experiences it at least once throughout a lifetime. In the novel Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close by Jonathan Safran Foer, the reader meets several characters that lose people very close to them. Each person has a certain way of dealing with the death, but overall his or her grief is out of love. These two emotions are triggered by one another. Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close displays few characters that show any sign of moving on with their lives. Grief takes over

Essay Madness Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Essay Madness Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare Essay Madness in the Play Hamlet Madness is defined as â€Å"a mental delusion or the eccentric behavior arising from it.† In the play Hamlet, the tragic hero Hamlet went mad after his dead father’s ghost appeared and told him that his uncle, King Claudius, was responsible for his murder. Hamlet believed that if he became mad people would become comfortable and bold around him hoping that eventually King Claudius would reveal that he was the murderer of King Hamlet. By continually revealing Hamlet’s madness, Shakespeare proves that madness as a result of revenge for the family’s sake and the lust for revenge caused Hamlet’s madness to be indeed real and authentic. In Hamlet, Hamlet’s madness involved acting socially unstable when he fooled Ophelia into believing that his madness was genuine, while also asking philosophical questions, this trickery was a reasonable attempt to reveal the murder of Hamlet’s father. Hamlet’s madness is demonstrated through his social instability. He started speaking harshly to those that were supposed to mean everything to him. He changed his appearance and behavior and began to act rudely towards Ophelia. By doing this, it made it seem as if Hamlet did not love Ophelia anymore and he was just talking insanely. Ophelia seems deceitful in Hamlet’s eyes as she gives him back his possessions when she knew that King Claudius and Polonius were listening to their conversation. Because of her perceived betrayal, he says, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery, farewell. Or if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool; for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. To a nunnery, go; and quickly too. Farewell† (III.i.145-148). This served as Ophelia’s first sign that Hamlet has gone mad. If Hamlet loved Ophelia he would no. ., Polonius. Fortinbras wanted revenge from a battle that his father lost with King Hamlet which led to the loss of territory. The outcome of all three situations of revenge ended in death. Therefore, revenge was not achieved, even with the event of madness. Madness is seen with a â€Å"discerning eye.† Hamlet’s madness played an essential role in the play Hamlet. Hamlet’s madness consisted of speaking inappropriate comments and asking philosophical questions. Hamlet’s madness was reasonable to him because he tried to carry out the order of his father’s ghost. He wanted revenge from his uncle, King Claudius who killed his father, King Hamlet. This led to the theme of madness which led to revenge for the family’s sake. The event of revenge eventually led to the death of everyone trying to achieve revenge. Hamlet will forever be a character that tried to achieve madness.

Business Communication Issues Berglund Construction

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication Issuesfor Berglund Construction. Answer: Introduction: Business communication is one of the key factors behind the success of employee collaboration.Mutual understanding between the employees and the employers is highly recommended by most of the business organisations. According to the business scholars, business communication within an enterprise is performed through the sharing of information. Some of the scholars also consider business communication as the companys sharing of product information in order to promote the products in the market (Argenti, 2015). The following report is going to analyse the business communication issues of Berglund Construction and provide some instructive methods to improve the communication level. Since the case company deals with construction business, it ought to ensure whether proper information pertaining to the construction industry and its projects are shared substantially with the employees as well as other business stakeholders. The analysis of existing communication issue is based on the communication model postulated by David Berlo . Berlos Communication Model: Berlos communication model is known as SMCR (Sender-Message- Channel- Receiver) model. Berlos communication model emphasises on encoding and decoding that entails senders involvement with the receiver. Berlos model emulates the model of Shannon Weaver (Bandhiya Joshi, 2016). Berlo focuses on the factors that affect the individual in trans- communication period. Following is the basic diagram suggested by David Berlo that exhibits the process of effective communication: Fig: Berlos Communication Model Source: Created by the Author Berlos model of communication exhibits that the source or the sender encodes the message it want to deliver and it is sent through a proper channel so that the receiver receives it and decode it thus completing the entire process of communication (Cornelissen, 2014). Followings are the determining factors that ensure how the source or the sender is eligible in generating a firm communication channel within a business: i) Communication skill ii) Attitudes iii) Knowledge iv) Social System v) Culture According to Berlo, messages may comprise of the followings: i) code ii) elements iii) structure iv) treatment v) content The messages are delivered through different communication channels like seeing, hearing, touching, smelling and testing. Proper receiving of those messages depends on the following criteria of the receivers: Communication Skill Attitudes Knowledge Social System Culture (DiSanza Legge, 2016) Business Communication Issues in Dominos Pizza: Since scalability of an organisation highly depends on the bond of communication between the employer and the employee, business communication skill needs to be fixated. Dominos Pizza is of no exception. In the recent years, Dominos Pizza was put under business controversy when some of its employees posted a video clip pertaining to its making of adulterated food. The issue was raised in 2009 and many of the employees were victimised with redundancy. The huge lacuna between the employees and the employer in Dominos Pizza created a remarkable business gap and that resulted in huge market loss in that year. The 2009 video crisis was a direct result of lack of business communication. Since the employees went beyond the business ethics, the others found guilty were to bid good-bye to the company. However, the company did not initiate to take firm action pertaining to the level of communication among the outraged employees who were targeted for redundancy (Kim et al., 2014). If one tries to analyse the communication failure through Berlos Model of Communication, it can vividly be understood that lack of attitude and socio-culture approach of knowledge sharing about the ethic of business created a vacuum in the organisational level. The onter cultural and coordinative understanding among the employees was literally disrupted. An employee may be concerned about the quality of product supplied and produced by a company though there are some certain ways to deal with the problems. In fact, these issues are always communicated to each worker present in an organisation. Organisational communication is required in order to maintain balance among the working staff. Neither the employees nor the company, in this case, held the position of delivering proper attitude while communicating the problem-message with each other. Berlos model is highly recommended in resolving the problem of Dominos Pizza. By implementing Berlos model of communication, one can easily resolve the issu es related to the employee communication gap (Hamranova et al., 2014). Structure of Solution: While comprehending the exact problem the basic structure of Berlo i.e. the model of SMCR is going to be implemented. The basic source of the communication i.e. the sender or specifically the employer needs to confirm the employers with the business ethics set by the company. However, the basic responsibility of the company is to ensure whether a particular franchise is involved in mal practices such as food adulteration. The employee needs to be given confidence pertaining to the organisations prompt action against all sorts of malpractices. Assurance of best practices within an organisation or a shop generates trust within an employee (Chaney Martin, 2013). Thus, the employee fulfils the criteria of firm attitude suggested by Berlo. On the other hand, the company needs to develop a well structured culture of communication. The problem could have been restricted if the employees were directed about the process of providing information. However, the employees could have proceed with some professional step of informing the head authority about the process of adulteration by a particular franchise. The case was highly controversial as the video went viral. Conclusion: After going through all the structural model proposed by David Berlo pertaining to the organisational communication, it can be stated that, business communication is not about the sharing of mere messages. It is more about building up understanding level among the employees so that better organisational culture is formed. The concept of business communication comprises interpersonal relationship among the employees, sharing of working experience and knowledge and sensible comprehension of others professional emotions. It always does not remain captivated within the employee level. It also depends upon the attitude of the employers. Proper implementation of communication theory in a business sector helps an organisation form a supportive business culture. Reference: Argenti, P. A. (2015).Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Bandhiya, D. B., Joshi, A. (2016). Encompassing the Scope of Western Models of Communication.PARIPEX-Indian Journal of Research,4(9). Chaney, L., Martin, J. (2013).Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Cornelissen, J. (2014).Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. DiSanza, J. R., Legge, N. J. (2016).Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson. Hamranova, A., Marsina, S., Molnar, P., Okruhlica, F. (2014, September). Development of Information and Communication Systems within the Building of Project-Oriented Manufacturing Organization. InIFIP International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems(pp. 241-248). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kim, H., Park, J., Cha, M., Jeong, J. (2015). The effect of bad news and CEO apology of corporate on user responses in social media.PloS one,10(5), e0126358.